Laver Table
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Laver 表(Laver Table)是 Richard Laver 在 1992 年提出的一个增长速度很快的表。[1]
定义
考虑作用于 上的二元运算 ,它满足如下条件:
\begin{eqnarray*}a \star_n 0 & = & 0 \\a \star_n 1 & = & (a+1) \mod 2^n \\a \star_n i & = & (a \star_n (i-1)) \star_n (a \star_n 1) \ (i \neq 0,1)\end{eqnarray*}
Laver 表 定义为唯一的取值为 的 表。Laver 表可以用此[2]进行计算。
注意这一定理仅适用于 2 的幂。假如我们考虑的二元运算作用于一般的 上,其中 ,则这样的二元运算 将不是存在且唯一的。
我们定义如下函数的周期为 p(n):
定义 q(n) 为函数 p(n) 的逆,即 。
取值
Laver 表
以下展示了前 6 个 Laver 表。[3]
1 | |
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1 | 1 |
1 | 2 | |
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1 | 2 | 2 |
2 | 1 | 2 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
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1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
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1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 |
2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 |
3 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 |
4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
5 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 |
6 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 8 |
7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
8 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
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1 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 16 |
2 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 16 |
3 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 |
4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
5 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 16 |
6 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 16 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 16 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 16 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 16 |
7 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 16 |
8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 |
10 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 16 |
11 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 16 |
12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
13 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 16 |
14 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 |
15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
16 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 |
2 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 |
3 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 |
4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
5 | 6 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 6 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 6 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 6 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 6 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 6 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 6 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 6 | 24 | 30 | 32 |
6 | 7 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 7 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 7 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 7 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 7 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 7 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 7 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 7 | 24 | 31 | 32 |
7 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 |
8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
9 | 10 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 10 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 10 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 10 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 10 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 10 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 10 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 10 | 28 | 30 | 32 |
10 | 11 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 11 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 11 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 11 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 11 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 11 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 11 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 11 | 28 | 31 | 32 |
11 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 32 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 32 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 32 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 32 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 32 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 32 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 32 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 32 |
12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
13 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 32 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 32 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 32 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 32 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 32 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 32 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 32 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 32 |
14 | 15 | 16 | 31 | 32 | 15 | 16 | 31 | 32 | 15 | 16 | 31 | 32 | 15 | 16 | 31 | 32 | 15 | 16 | 31 | 32 | 15 | 16 | 31 | 32 | 15 | 16 | 31 | 32 | 15 | 16 | 31 | 32 |
15 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 | 32 |
16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
17 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 18 | 28 | 30 | 32 |
18 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 19 | 28 | 31 | 32 |
19 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 |
20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
21 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 |
22 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 32 |
23 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 | 24 | 32 |
24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
25 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 |
26 | 27 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 27 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 27 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 27 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 27 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 27 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 27 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 27 | 28 | 31 | 32 |
27 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 | 28 | 32 |
28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
29 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 32 |
30 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 |
31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
32 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
q 函数
事实上 是一个增长速度非常缓慢的函数。
我们有
- ,其中这里的 FGH 改版定义为
强度
Dougherty 证明了 。[4]
事实上,二元关系 的存在唯一性以及函数 p(n) 的发散性并非显然的结果,它实际上与集合论中的嵌入有着深刻的联系。
事实上,p(n) 发散的结论是在 I3 公理下才能够得到证明的。因此,作为一个快速增长的函数,q(n) 的完全性(即在所有自然数 n 下都有定义)在 ZFC+I3
下得到了证明。用 googology 更熟悉(但是并不严格)的说法,我们目前认为 q(n) 的增长率的上界为 PTO(ZFC+I3)。
参考资料
- ↑ Laver, Richard. On the Algebra of Elementary Embeddings of a Rank into Itself. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
- ↑ 猫山にゃん太. Laver table - レイバーのテーブル[EB/OL]. 2022. https://n-nekoyama.github.io/googology/laver_table/.
- ↑ Dehornoy, Patrick. Laver Tables (starting on slide 26). Retrieved 2018-12-11.
- ↑ Dougherty, Randall. Critical points in an algebra of elementary embeddings. Retrieved 2014-08-23.